Fred C. Ikle

 ·         Author:  Fred Ikle

 o     Context: written in the middle of Vietnam

 ·         Publishing:  Columbia University Press:1971/2005

 ·         Central Proposition: 

<span style="font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"CourierNew";mso-fareast-font-family: "CourierNew";color:black"> o     <span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman";mso-fareast-font-family: "TimesNewRoman";color:black">People spend much more time re how and why wars begin than they do re how they end - xvii

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:.75in;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l0level2lfo1; tab-stops:list.75in"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"CourierNew";mso-fareast-font-family: "CourierNew";color:black"> o     <span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman";mso-fareast-font-family: "TimesNewRoman";color:black">My thought: What do we do about it, though?

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:.25in;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l0level1lfo1; tab-stops:list.25in"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol;color:black"> ·         <span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman";mso-fareast-font-family: "TimesNewRoman";color:black">Supporting Information <span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman";mso-fareast-font-family: "TimesNewRoman";color:black">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:.75in;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l0level2lfo1; tab-stops:list.75in"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"CourierNew";mso-fareast-font-family: "CourierNew";color:black"> o     <span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman";mso-fareast-font-family: "TimesNewRoman";color:black">Successful democracies have refrained from seeking revenge - xii

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:.75in;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l0level2lfo1; tab-stops:list.75in"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"CourierNew";mso-fareast-font-family: "CourierNew";color:black"> o     <span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman";mso-fareast-font-family: "TimesNewRoman";color:black">Vietnam - xx-xxi

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:1.25in;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l0level3lfo1; tab-stops:list1.25in"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings;color:black"> §    <span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman";mso-fareast-font-family: "TimesNewRoman";color:black">Forces must not be committed w/out clear strat

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:1.25in;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l0level3lfo1; tab-stops:list1.25in"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings;color:black"> §    <span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman";mso-fareast-font-family: "TimesNewRoman";color:black">Should not be sent merely to demonstrate resolve

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:1.25in;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l0level3lfo1; tab-stops:list1.25in"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings;color:black"> §    <span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman";mso-fareast-font-family: "TimesNewRoman";color:black">Should not enter war based on strat of inflicting punishment

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:1.75in;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l0level4lfo1; tab-stops:list1.75in"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings;color:black"> §    <span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman";mso-fareast-font-family: "TimesNewRoman";color:black">May hasten defeat...important for US & other modern democracies to avoid...otherwise, will lose political support @ home & with allies

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:.75in;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l0level2lfo1; tab-stops:list.75in"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"CourierNew";mso-fareast-font-family: "CourierNew";color:black"> o     <span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman";mso-fareast-font-family: "TimesNewRoman";color:black">**Good quote: "planning effort similar to designing an elaborate and expensive bridge that reached only halfway across the river" - 5

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:.75in;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l0level2lfo1; tab-stops:list.75in"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"CourierNew";mso-fareast-font-family: "CourierNew";color:black"> o     <span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman";mso-fareast-font-family: "TimesNewRoman";color:black">As fighting continues, purpose changes - 8

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:.75in;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l0level2lfo1; tab-stops:list.75in"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"CourierNew";mso-fareast-font-family: "CourierNew";color:black"> o     <span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman";mso-fareast-font-family: "TimesNewRoman";color:black">**Gov's find it hard to back out b/c both sides want a peace that will bring greater and more lasting security than prior to war - 9

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:.75in;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l0level2lfo1; tab-stops:list.75in"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"CourierNew";mso-fareast-font-family: "CourierNew";color:black"> o     <span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman";mso-fareast-font-family: "TimesNewRoman";color:black">Aim of preventing future wars often overshadows original reason for war - 10

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:1.25in;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l0level3lfo1; tab-stops:list1.25in"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings;color:black"> §    <span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman";mso-fareast-font-family: "TimesNewRoman";color:black">Each side risks losing ongoing war while trying to improve position for future conflict

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:1.25in;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l0level3lfo1; tab-stops:list1.25in"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings;color:black"> §    <span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman";mso-fareast-font-family: "TimesNewRoman";color:black">Fighting is not the only way to reduce threat of future conflict

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:1.25in;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l0level3lfo1; tab-stops:list1.25in"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings;color:black"> §    <span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman";mso-fareast-font-family: "TimesNewRoman";color:black">Reconciliation can be successful and today's enemy can be tomorrow's enemy - 11

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:.75in;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l0level2lfo1; tab-stops:list.75in"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"CourierNew";mso-fareast-font-family: "CourierNew";color:black"> o     <span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman";mso-fareast-font-family: "TimesNewRoman";color:black">Means become ends

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:1.25in;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l0level3lfo1; tab-stops:list1.25in"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings;color:black"> §    <span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman";mso-fareast-font-family: "TimesNewRoman";color:black">One view: nations fight wars in pursuit of postwar objectives

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:1.25in;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l0level3lfo1; tab-stops:list1.25in"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings;color:black"> §    <span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman";mso-fareast-font-family: "TimesNewRoman";color:black">2nd view: wars serve many purposes, not the lest of which is to further personal and organizational interests - 14

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:1.25in;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l0level3lfo1; tab-stops:list1.25in"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings;color:black"> §    <span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman";mso-fareast-font-family: "TimesNewRoman";color:black">ANSWER: A mixture of the two - 15

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:.75in;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l0level2lfo1; tab-stops:list.75in"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"CourierNew";mso-fareast-font-family: "CourierNew";color:black"> o     <span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman";mso-fareast-font-family: "TimesNewRoman";color:black">**Good quote: "If the decision to end a war were simply to spring from a rational calculation about gains and losses for the nation as a whole, it should be no harder to get out of a war than to get into one" - 16

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:.75in;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l0level2lfo1; tab-stops:list.75in"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"CourierNew";mso-fareast-font-family: "CourierNew";color:black"> o     <span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman";mso-fareast-font-family: "TimesNewRoman";color:black">Military estimates are unreliable because - 20

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:1.25in;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l0level3lfo1; tab-stops:list1.25in"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings;color:black"> §    <span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman";mso-fareast-font-family: "TimesNewRoman";color:black">It's hard to estimate potential on both sides to mobilize men and resources (neither side has committed everything)

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:1.25in;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l0level3lfo1; tab-stops:list1.25in"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings;color:black"> §    <span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman";mso-fareast-font-family: "TimesNewRoman";color:black">Possibilities of outside help

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:1.25in;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l0level3lfo1; tab-stops:list1.25in"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings;color:black"> §    <span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman";mso-fareast-font-family: "TimesNewRoman";color:black">Pressures of war's violence on public morale

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:.75in;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l0level2lfo1; tab-stops:list.75in"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"CourierNew";mso-fareast-font-family: "CourierNew";color:black"> o     <span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman";mso-fareast-font-family: "TimesNewRoman";color:black">Stuggle within: Patriots against "traitors" - doves usually called traitors, but hawks can ultimately be just as or more detrimental to future of nation - 60

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:1.25in;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l0level3lfo1; tab-stops:list1.25in"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings;color:black"> §    <span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman";mso-fareast-font-family: "TimesNewRoman";color:black">State has strong institutions to combat treason via "dove," or helping the enemy, but much weaker defenses against the hawk - 61

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:1.25in;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l0level3lfo1; tab-stops:list1.25in"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings;color:black"> §    <span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman";mso-fareast-font-family: "TimesNewRoman";color:black">"Treason can help our enemies destroy our country by making them stronger; adventurism can destroy our country by making our enemies more numerous" - 61 (See: Athens)...may wind up trading kingdom for distant province - 82

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:.75in;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l0level2lfo1; tab-stops:list.75in"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"CourierNew";mso-fareast-font-family: "CourierNew";color:black"> o     <span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman";mso-fareast-font-family: "TimesNewRoman";color:black">Neither hawks nor doves has actual plan for future - after the peace - 85

<p class="MsoNormal">