Moltz

'''Book outline, Moltz, The Politics of Space Security (Winder) '''

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''' 1. State the unity of the whole book in a single (at most a few) sentences '''

 a.         (Review) Moltz writes as his “main conceptual argument” that “environmental factors have played an influential role in space security over time and provide a useful context for considering its future.”

''' 2. Enumerate its major parts in order and relation '''

 a.        '''Outline the parts '''

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -0.25in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; mso-add-space: auto"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> b.        <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 12pt">Moltz’s first two chapters look at how other analysts have understood space security and set forth an alternative explanation that stresses a growing awareness of the environmental consequences of actions such as

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -1.5in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-add-space: auto; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">                                                               i.         <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 12pt">the testing of nuclear weapons in outer space in the early 1960s, which created electromagnetic effects that interfered with satellite operations in both the short and potentially the longer term,

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -1.5in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-add-space: auto; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">                                                             ii. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 12pt">and the kinetic destruction caused by antisatellite weapons, which could create long-lived debris in heavily used orbits.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -0.25in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; mso-add-space: auto"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> c.         <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 12pt">U.S.–Soviet/Russian interactions in space between 1958 and 2000 as alternating between

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -1.5in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-add-space: auto; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">                                                               i.         <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 12pt">“military-first” phases, during which the emphasis in both countries was on developing military space capabilities,

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -1.5in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-add-space: auto; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">                                                             ii. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 12pt">and “diplomacy-first” phases, during which the emphasis was on creating bilateral and multilateral agreements on good behavior in space, including a number of space-related treaties.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -1.5in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-add-space: auto; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">                                                           iii. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 12pt">He characterizes the fundamental relationship as one of “strategic restraint.”

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -1.5in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-add-space: auto; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">                                                           iv. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 12pt">Moltz concludes, supporting his emphasis on environmental security, that over this 40-plus–year period “the two sides gradually accepted mutual constraints on deployable weapons in return for safe access to the space environment for military reconnaissance, weather forecasting, tracking, early warning, and a range of civilian uses.”

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -0.25in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; mso-add-space: auto"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> d. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 12pt">last sections of the book contain a thoughtful analysis of various perspectives for understanding the concept of space security and their application to understanding the current situation and future prospects.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt">'''<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 12pt">

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<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -0.25in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-add-space: auto">'''<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> 3. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 12pt">Find important words and “Terms” '''

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -0.25in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; mso-add-space: auto"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> a.         <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 12pt">(Review) space security – “the ability to place and operate assets outside the Earth’s atmosphere without external interference, damage, or destruction,” there is a “compelling logic to the exercise of military restraint.”

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -0.25in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; mso-add-space: auto"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> b. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 12pt">Space nationalists <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 12pt"> have their roots in political realism, great-power rivalry, and the lessons of the Cold War. This camp argues that conflict in space is inevitable and nations, particularly the United States, should take steps to secure their advantage in space through largely unilateral and military means.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -0.25in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; mso-add-space: auto"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> c. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 12pt">The global institutionalists, on the other hand, are grounded in idealist political theory and see space as an arena for peace and international cooperation, with strong support for international legal regimes and bans on weaponization.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -0.25in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; mso-add-space: auto"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> d. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 12pt">The other two schools take more nuanced, centrist positions.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -0.25in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; mso-add-space: auto"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> e. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 12pt">Technological determinists <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 12pt"> see technology, not politics, as the driving factor in space and foresee scientific cooperation and the theory of the public good as driving forces toward more cooperation and constraining conflict.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -0.25in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; mso-add-space: auto"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> f. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 12pt">Social interactionism <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 12pt"> agrees with many of the goals of global institutionalism but sees soft tools, such as rules of the road and voluntary efforts, driving actions in space instead of binding legal regimes.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -0.25in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-add-space: auto">'''<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> 4. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 12pt">Find the propositions in the most important sentences of the book '''

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -0.25in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; mso-add-space: auto"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> a.         <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 12pt">all nations active in space should exercise such restraint “because of their shared national interest in maintaining safe access to critical regions of space.”

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -0.25in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; mso-add-space: auto"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> b. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 12pt">For example, it is in the common interest to avoid actions that create space debris and threaten the environment of outer space, such as the January 2007 Chinese test of an antisatellite device or the February 2008 U.S. destruction of a reentering National Reconnaissance Office satellite.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -0.25in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; mso-add-space: auto"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> c.         <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 12pt">the space environment is, as Moltz puts it, “too valuable to be used for war.”

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -0.25in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; mso-add-space: auto"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> d. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 12pt">(Review) The debate over space weaponization should come down to three things: security, safety, and sustainability.