Feaver

Book Review-Seminar Discussion Preparation



1. TITLE (AND BIBLIOGRAPHICAL INFO): Armed Servants

2. AUTHOR: Peter D. Feaver

 3.    AUTHOR’S BACKGROUND (use info from book, internet or other biographical sources):  

 ·           Academic background, Studied under Samuel Huntington, Duke Professor of Political Science, Director Security Studies and Director American Grand Strategy, with focuses in International Conflict Prevention and Peacekeeping U.S. Foreign Policy.

<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 30pt; line-height: normal; text-indent: -0.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4;"> ·<span style="font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">           <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Practical experience, twice on the NSC staff at the White House and Naval reserve officer.

<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">4. BRIEF OUTLINE ILLUSTRATING SCOPE AND RANGE (time period, geographic areas, countries or organizations, etc.):

<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5;"> ·<span style="font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">           <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Intro – Sets up the problem, How do civilians control the military?

<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; text-indent: -0.25in; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo5;"> o<span style="font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">     <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Proposes a new theory of Civ-Mil relations called Agency Theory p.1

<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; text-indent: -0.25in; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo5;"> o<span style="font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">     <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Defines “Shirking” as degree of disobedience to civil authority 3

<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; text-indent: -0.25in; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo5;"> o<span style="font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">     <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Introduces the idea that “Civilian leaders have a right to be wrong”

<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; text-indent: -0.25in; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo5;"> o<span style="font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">     <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Justifies use of Rationalist framework p. 12

<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5;"> ·<span style="font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">           <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Chapter 2 attempts to show the limits and weaknesses of Huntington’s theory

<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; text-indent: -0.25in; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo5;"> o<span style="font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">     <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Asserts Huntington is wrong because it did not hold true during the Cold Wa

<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; text-indent: -0.25in; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo5;"> o<span style="font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">     <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Population did not become as conservative as Huntington predicted

<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; text-indent: -0.25in; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo5;"> o<span style="font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">     <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Huntington did not anticipate the “Liberal Hawk” who could hold different philosophies for domestic and international issues

<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5;"> ·<span style="font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">           <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Chapter 3 Generally defines the Principle – Agent framework

<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; text-indent: -0.25in; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo5;"> o<span style="font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">   C   <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">iv-mil relations are a game of strategic interaction p. 58

<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; text-indent: -0.25in; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo5;"> o<span style="font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">     <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Defines monitoring mechanisms from principle agent literature 86

<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; text-indent: -0.25in; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo5;"> o<span style="font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">     <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Defines military punishments available to the principle 94

<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5;"> ·<span style="font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">           <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Chapter 4 Plays out the Civ-Mil relationship in a Game to demonstrate its characteristics

<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; text-indent: -0.25in; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo5;"> o<span style="font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">     <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">This game illustrates the possible outcomes of the relationship depending on preference alignment, shirking, monitoring, and punishment

<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5;"> ·<span style="font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">           <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Chapter 5 Applies Agency Theory to the Cold War to demonstrate more explanatory accuracy as compared to competing theories

<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; text-indent: -0.25in; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo5;"> o<span style="font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">     <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Agency theory subsumes Huntington’s theory

<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; text-indent: -0.25in; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo5;"> o<span style="font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">     <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Cold War fit the pattern of intrusive civilian monitoring and military workin

<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5;"> ·<span style="font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">           <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Chapter 6 Applies Agency Theory to 1990’s crisis in Civ-Mil Relations

<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; text-indent: -0.25in; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo5;"> o<span style="font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">     <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Crisis resulted from increased civilian monitoring with increasing military shirking and a decreased military expectation of punishment p. 225

<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5;"> ·<span style="font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">           <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Chapter 7 Applies Agency Theory to Post-Cold War use of Force

<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; text-indent: -0.25in; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo5;"> o<span style="font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">     <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Civilian principles can manipulate the cost-benefit calculations even of reluctant military agents and thus prevail if they are sufficiently determined p. 282

<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5;"> ·<span style="font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">           <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Conclusion Agency Theory re-conceptualizes civil-military outcomes beyond the coup/no-coup dichotomy and replaces it with a working-shirking continuum that captures rich variation in patterns of interactions. p. 285

<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">5. AUTHOR’S ARGUMENT/THESIS/CONCLUSIONS: <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; line-height: normal; text-indent: -0.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·<span style="font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">          <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Conclusion - Agency theory is grounded in the deductive logic of democratic theory and can be backed up empirically p. 9
 * Thesis - Due to the principle/agent civ-mil relationship in U.S., there is great latitude in how the relationship will look on a day to day basis because the civ leader’s monitoring type, military’s choice to work (fully comply) or shirk (not), and the choice to enforce or not and type of punishment drives the dynamic. The civilian has a right to be wrong due to constitutional authority.

<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">    MAIN IDEAS:
 * Preserves the civ-mil distinction
 * But without an ideal-type division of labor
 * Preserves military subordination, without assuming military obedience p. 10

<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; line-height: normal; text-indent: -0.25in; text-autospace: ; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·<span style="font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">          <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Feaver’s "agency” theory assumes that democracy requires civilian control of the military, even when civilians are wrong. Civilians have the right to be wrong.

<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; line-height: normal; text-indent: -0.25in; text-autospace: ; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo6; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"> o<span style="font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">     <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Following this assumption, civilians are the "principals" in the model who hire military professionals as their "agents" to prosecute their military security policy

<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; line-height: normal; text-indent: -0.25in; text-autospace: ; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo6; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"> o<span style="font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">     <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">the military (the agent) can work or shirk. Working means doing things to the principal's (civilians') satisfaction; shirking means not doing something to the principal's satisfaction.

<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; line-height: normal; text-indent: -0.25in; text-autospace: ; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo6; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"> o<span style="font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">     <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Civilians may then monitor intrusively or not monitor intrusively to ensure that the military works. The military determines, based upon their preferences, the costs and payoffs of working or shirking under intrusive or non-intrusive monitoring.

<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; tab-stops: list 12.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 6.<span style="font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">    <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">SUB-THEMES OR SUB-ARGUMENTS:

<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6;"> ·<span style="font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">           <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">You are wrong, he is right

<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; tab-stops: list 12.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 7.<span style="font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">   <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">  STRENGTHS, WEAKNESSES AND AUTHOR’S COUNTERS TO LIKELY CHALLENGES TO HIS/HER POSITION(S) (Also consider, format, support, impact, etc):

<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; line-height: normal; text-indent: -0.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·<span style="font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">          <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Strengths –

<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; line-height: normal; text-indent: -0.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo8;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·<span style="font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">          <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">proves very useful for examining the day-to-day conduct of civil-military relations

<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; line-height: normal; text-indent: -0.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo8;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·<span style="font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">          <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">model turns out to provide a surprisingly powerful interpretive tool for explaining changing patterns of civilian control over the military from the Cold War to the present

<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6;"> ·<span style="font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">           <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Weaknesses –

<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; line-height: normal; text-indent: -0.25in; text-autospace: ; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo6; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"> o<span style="font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">     <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">The Unitary Actor Problem - Others will object that civilians and military professionals do not act solely as rational and self-interested or as unitary actors.

<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; line-height: normal; text-indent: -0.25in; text-autospace: ; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level3 lfo6; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;"> §<span style="font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">   <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">To this objection, Feaver reasonably responds that the rationalist and unitary assumptions provide a benchmark from which we might measure the influence of normative commitments or effects stemming from multiple-principal or multiple-agent problems

<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; line-height: normal; text-indent: -0.25in; text-autospace: ; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo6; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"> o<span style="font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">     <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">The Dual Principle Problem - The realities of the American constitutional system make the military agents to both the Executive and to the Congress. This in tum can make murky exactly what constitutes shirking.

<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; line-height: normal; text-indent: -0.25in; text-autospace: ; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level3 lfo6; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;"> §<span style="font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">   <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">He favors the notion that the Executive branch has the lead due to the "commander in chief clause, but this gets very messy - particularly in instances of the use of force - as his chapter 7 proves repeatedly.

<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; line-height: normal; text-indent: -0.25in; text-autospace: ; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo6; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"> o<span style="font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">     <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">The Military is Right Problem - Page 5 - Most controversial, perhaps, and in contradistinction to his theory, is that under certain circumstances military shirking may be, in a broader sense, "working" because the resulting civil military conflict may create superior policy outcomes and strengthen democratic control writ large.

<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; line-height: normal; text-indent: -0.25in; text-autospace: ; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo6; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">ADDITIONAL POINTS

<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; line-height: normal; text-indent: -0.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·<span style="font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">          <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Liberalism has largely separated its domestic and international agendas/philosophies, this was in large part driven by the cold war (initially)

<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; line-height: normal; text-indent: -0.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·<span style="font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">          <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Liberal Hawks have compromised parts of Liberalism to Realism (the opposite of cognitive dissonance? Because they are ok with actions not following beliefs?)

<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; line-height: normal; text-indent: -0.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: #0400; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-language: #0400; mso-bidi-language: X-NONE;"> ·<span style="font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">          <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Huntington developed a very persuasive and logically grounded argument for a political problem, ultimately though it was a political solution “professionalism” <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: #0400; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-language: #0400; mso-bidi-language: X-NONE;">