McDougall

 1. TITLE AND BIBLIOGRAPHICAL INFO: ''The Heavens and the Earth: A Political History of the Space Age. ''Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins, 1985.



 2. AUTHOR : Walter McDougall                3. AUTHOR’S BACKGROUND: Professor of History and IR at the

                                                             Univ of Pennsylvania, received 1986 Pulitzer Prize for History for this

                                                             book, Vietnam Veteran



 4. CONTEXT: McDougall seeks to provide an accurate postwar history. The Space Age includes discussion of both international management of non-territorial regions, and the interplay of international rivalry and technical change.

 ·         “We have a duty to think historically about the recent past and can be encouraged by the fact that change is taking place on a more compressed scale in our time” (xx)



 5. SCOPE: Political history of the Space Age, 3 periods covered: time from the original rocket experiments prior to WWII, USSR “firsts” in space, US success. American, Soviet and European space programs

 ·         Scientific and technological development

 ·         Political pressures

<span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol"> ·         Economic pressures

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal; mso-list:l2level1lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol"> ·         National defense

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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal">      EVIDENCE: American and Soviet sources that are declassified, European archives, published material, interviews, macroeconomic statistics

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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal"> 6. CENTRAL PROPOSITIONS:

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal; mso-list:l1level1lfo2"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol"> ·          “The unending race to keep up with foreign military and economic competition threatens to erode the very values that make one’s society worth defending in the first place  ” (13)

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l1level2lfo2"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"CourierNew";mso-fareast-font-family:"CourierNew"; mso-bidi-font-family:"CourierNew""> o      “Somehow, rather, we must try to compete for power without making power an end in itself, pursue knowledge without mistaking knowledge for truth, cultivate our subcreation yet know its fruits as only part of reality, and remember fore everything we gain there is something lost” (461) 

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal; mso-list:l1level1lfo2"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol"> ·         The Soviet Union was first into space because it employed the first “technocracy”

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l1level2lfo2"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"CourierNew";mso-fareast-font-family:"CourierNew"; mso-bidi-font-family:"CourierNew""> o     The Soviet Union was especially suited to open the age of spaceflight, due to its ideology (63)

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.5in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l1level3lfo2"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings"> §    Planned economy, abolition of exploitation of many by man, the absence of racial discrimination, free labor, released creative energies of the people (245)

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l1level2lfo2"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"CourierNew";mso-fareast-font-family:"CourierNew"; mso-bidi-font-family:"CourierNew""> o     The United States moved toward technocracy

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.5in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l1level3lfo2"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings"> §    Even though, as Ike suggested, the American system was not set up for central planning, nor did its values condone it (444).

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l1level2lfo2"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"CourierNew";mso-fareast-font-family:"CourierNew"; mso-bidi-font-family:"CourierNew""> o     America transitioned from an era of private initiative in technology, to an age characterized by the “institutionalization of technological change for state purposes”→Technocracy  (5)

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l1level2lfo2"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"CourierNew";mso-fareast-font-family:"CourierNew"; mso-bidi-font-family:"CourierNew""> o     Technocracy nearly inevitable as private sector could no longer be depended on for technological advancement

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l1level2lfo2"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"CourierNew";mso-fareast-font-family:"CourierNew"; mso-bidi-font-family:"CourierNew""> o     Speed required meant the Space Race required sponsorship of the state

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.5in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l1level3lfo2"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings"> §    Command economies are ideal for the sprint races, not the marathons

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l1level2lfo2"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"CourierNew";mso-fareast-font-family:"CourierNew"; mso-bidi-font-family:"CourierNew""> o     “By 1964, most Americans had opted for technocracy” (389)

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.5in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l1level3lfo2"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings"> §    The debate revolved around the purposes to which the technocratic tool ought to be put, not the political or moral costs of brandishing the tool in the first place (403)

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.5in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l1level3lfo2"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings"> §     Sputnik, because it symbolized Soviet parity in strategic weapons, and Khrushchevian peaceful coexistence, because it pushed Cold War rivalry into every arena of national achievement, surely helped to trigger the rapid political change of 1957-1964 . (404)

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal; mso-list:l1level1lfo2"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol"> ·         Should missile and space technology be civilian or military in nature?

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal; mso-list:l1level1lfo2"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol"> ·         “Prestige and perceptions were as important as actual military force” (178)

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:0in;mso-add-space:auto; line-height:normal">''' '''

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:0in;mso-add-space:auto; line-height:normal">''' Notes: '''

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal; mso-list:l2level1lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol"> ·          “Strategy is a form of economy, a function of scarcity: unlimited resources render strategy unnecessary”   (177)

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal; mso-list:l2level1lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol"> ·         McDougall examines through the evolutionary history of the space programs, “how an increasing technological base generated circumstances and conditions that resulted in a massive infusion of technological capability into contemporary society” (JSTOR book review)

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l2level2lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"CourierNew";mso-fareast-font-family:"CourierNew"; mso-bidi-font-family:"CourierNew""> o     4 great breakthroughs of the years during and just after WWII, illustrating possibilities for planned change implicit in Command Research and Development (6):

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l2level2lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"CourierNew";mso-fareast-font-family:"CourierNew"; mso-bidi-font-family:"CourierNew""> o     1. British development of radar

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l2level2lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"CourierNew";mso-fareast-font-family:"CourierNew"; mso-bidi-font-family:"CourierNew""> o     2. American atomic bomb

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l2level2lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"CourierNew";mso-fareast-font-family:"CourierNew"; mso-bidi-font-family:"CourierNew""> o     3. German ballistic missile

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l2level2lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"CourierNew";mso-fareast-font-family:"CourierNew"; mso-bidi-font-family:"CourierNew""> o     4. American electronic computer

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal; mso-list:l2level1lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol"> ·         “Ours is an age of perpetual technological revolution” (4)

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l2level2lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"CourierNew";mso-fareast-font-family:"CourierNew"; mso-bidi-font-family:"CourierNew""> o     “Competition was the engine of spaceflight” (188)

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal; mso-list:l2level1lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol"> ·         Transition from Eisenhower era to Kennedy: public transitioned from fearing the growing “military industrial complex” to increasingly desiring centralized response due to fear of the prospect of nuclear competition with the Soviet Union (fear spurred by  Sputnik  and the perception that the US was behind in the Space Race)

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l2level2lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"CourierNew";mso-fareast-font-family:"CourierNew"; mso-bidi-font-family:"CourierNew""> o     American’s saw themselves as leaders and protectors of Europe and hence felt it was irresponsible to see the Soviets lead (7)

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.5in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l2level3lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings"> §    America was better and mightier than the Soviets

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.5in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l2level3lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings"> §    Sputnik suggested to the ill-informed American public that “reliance on the marketplace and the dis-coordinated efforts of the private sector (corrupted by consumerism) was anachronistic in an age of explosive technological advance.” (7).

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:2.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l2level4lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol"> ·         Hence, the move toward technocracy

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.5in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l2level3lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings"> §    “Sputnik challenged the assumptions of American military and fiscal policy and thus seemed to have scary implications for American security and prosperity” (142)

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l2level2lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"CourierNew";mso-fareast-font-family:"CourierNew"; mso-bidi-font-family:"CourierNew""> o     McDougall argues Eisenhower was more of a forceful character than given credit for

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.5in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l2level3lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings"> §    ''' Ike failed to accept that the missile and Space Age necessarily meant an age of technocracy. ''' This went against his beliefs regarding American values.

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l2level2lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"CourierNew";mso-fareast-font-family:"CourierNew"; mso-bidi-font-family:"CourierNew""> o     US was well ahead of the Soviet effort although the public believed otherwise

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.5in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l2level3lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings"> §    Soviets exploited the misperception, employing the “missile bluff”

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal; mso-list:l2level1lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol; background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow"> ·         ''' Interestingly, the Space Race came to influence a number of other segments of society. '''

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l2level2lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"CourierNew";mso-fareast-font-family:"CourierNew"; mso-bidi-font-family:"CourierNew""> o     Success of large projects using system analysis as the management tool, became embedded in the body politic. The public began to see potential to use the same procedures to solve poverty, racism, and education

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l2level2lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"CourierNew";mso-fareast-font-family:"CourierNew"; mso-bidi-font-family:"CourierNew""> o     “Failure to master Space means being second best in every aspect, in the crucial arena of our Cold War world” (Johnson, 8)

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal; mso-list:l2level1lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol"> ·          Why the US was not first into space:   (73)

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l2level2lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"CourierNew";mso-fareast-font-family:"CourierNew"; mso-bidi-font-family:"CourierNew""> o     Presidential efforts to keep a lid on spending

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l2level2lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"CourierNew";mso-fareast-font-family:"CourierNew"; mso-bidi-font-family:"CourierNew""> o     Efforts to keep open the option of a negotiated arms freeze

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l2level2lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"CourierNew";mso-fareast-font-family:"CourierNew"; mso-bidi-font-family:"CourierNew""> o     Efforts to preserve US as a symbol of free inquiry and int’l cooperation (legality concerns)

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l2level2lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"CourierNew";mso-fareast-font-family:"CourierNew"; mso-bidi-font-family:"CourierNew""> o     Ike was trying to cope with a secret, single-minded technocratic adversary w/out giving in to paranoia

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.5in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l2level3lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings"> §    In the end, led to exactly what they did not want…the need to transform American government

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal; mso-list:l2level1lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol"> ·         NASA was Eisenhower’s response to the need to provide a stark contrast to the Soviet situation. The US space program needed to appear open and cooperative in contrast to the secret, “rocket-rattling Soviets” (227).

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<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:0in;mso-add-space:auto; line-height:normal">''' Themes: '''

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal; mso-list:l4level1lfo3"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol"> ·         Space race as a metaphor for man’s attempt to control his environment? (comps prep wiki)

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal; mso-list:l4level1lfo3"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol"> ·         Space posed two of the overarching international problems of the 20th century (177)

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l4level2lfo3"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"CourierNew";mso-fareast-font-family:"CourierNew"; mso-bidi-font-family:"CourierNew""> o     1. How to contain expensive arms races despite bitter competition and distrust

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l4level2lfo3"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"CourierNew";mso-fareast-font-family:"CourierNew"; mso-bidi-font-family:"CourierNew""> o     2. How to manage the use of non-territorial regions like the sea, air, Antarctica, or outer space, within the system of sovereign, territorial states?

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l4level2lfo3"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"CourierNew";mso-fareast-font-family:"CourierNew"; mso-bidi-font-family:"CourierNew""> o     The answers to the questions seemed to lie in arms control and int’l law, but appeared to be extensions of existing issues

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal; mso-list:l4level1lfo3"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol"> ·         Soviet bluffing came with a price

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l4level2lfo3"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"CourierNew";mso-fareast-font-family:"CourierNew"; mso-bidi-font-family:"CourierNew""> o     It’s hard to keep up a lie

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l4level2lfo3"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"CourierNew";mso-fareast-font-family:"CourierNew"; mso-bidi-font-family:"CourierNew""> o     “In time it became clear that Khrushchev had not the wit, nor the USSR the resources, to fulfill the hopes, given the many demerits of militarized social management.” (295)

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<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:0in;mso-add-space:auto; line-height:normal">''' '''

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<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:0in;mso-add-space:auto; line-height:normal"> Questions posed for 2nd part of reading assignment:

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal; mso-list:l0level1lfo4"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol"> ·         Did Eisenhower make the decision to be 2nd in space?

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l0level2lfo4"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"CourierNew";mso-fareast-font-family:"CourierNew"; mso-bidi-font-family:"CourierNew""> o     He had an aversion to technocracy, was concerned about the budget, and was unwilling to take funds from existing military programs

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.5in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l0level3lfo4"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings"> §    Wanted to keep the economy healthy (138)

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.5in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l0level3lfo4"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings"> §    Administration was blind to the symbolic power of a revolutionary technology. (148)

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.5in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l0level3lfo4"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings"> §    He was shocked that the American people were so psychologically vulnerable (Sputnik)

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l0level2lfo4"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"CourierNew";mso-fareast-font-family:"CourierNew"; mso-bidi-font-family:"CourierNew""> o     “Being first was not the only consideration. The tragedy is that Eisenhower, or perhaps just his DoD advisers, failed to imagine the use that would be made of a Soviet “surprise” by those who yearned to overthrow his policies, his party, and his philosophy of government” (134). He forgot to consider the domestic politics

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal; mso-list:l0level1lfo4"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol"> ·         Why the missile gap? What conditions or context enabled mass hysteria?

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l0level2lfo4"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"CourierNew";mso-fareast-font-family:"CourierNew"; mso-bidi-font-family:"CourierNew""> o     Opportunistic individuals (Johnson, Webb, McNamara) and institutions (USAF) took advantage of the perceived gap to further their own interests (312)

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space:auto; text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l0level2lfo4"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"CourierNew";mso-fareast-font-family:"CourierNew"; mso-bidi-font-family:"CourierNew""> o     After Sputnik, technocratic ideology captured the country when a new willingness to view state management as a social good and not a necessary evil turned a quantitative change into a qualitative one (436)

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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal">''' Notes: '''

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal; mso-list:l3level1lfo5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol"> ·          “ It is in the very structure of international politics in our age that states must, in their own ways, fashion national technocracies, the better to compete, adjusting inherited institutions and values as required.”   (435)

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l3level2lfo5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"CourierNew";mso-fareast-font-family:"CourierNew"; mso-bidi-font-family:"CourierNew""> o     ''' Technology is subordinate to political choice '''

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l3level2lfo5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"CourierNew";mso-fareast-font-family:"CourierNew"; mso-bidi-font-family:"CourierNew""> o     McDougall “chronicles the struggles over the choices made on each side; it is important to understand the debates of generation ago because today’s debates cover nearly the same ground” (Codevilla review)

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l3level2lfo5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"CourierNew";mso-fareast-font-family:"CourierNew"; mso-bidi-font-family:"CourierNew""> o     The pressure of events of our time, sometimes forces high officials to take on responsibilities they would rather not have exercised (Codevilla review)

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal; mso-list:l3level1lfo5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol"> ·          JFK  administration focused on ends vs means. “Space program as a catalyst for technological revolution.” (322)

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l3level2lfo5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"CourierNew";mso-fareast-font-family:"CourierNew"; mso-bidi-font-family:"CourierNew""> o     Prestige as important as power

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l3level2lfo5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"CourierNew";mso-fareast-font-family:"CourierNew"; mso-bidi-font-family:"CourierNew""> o     Far greater role for government in planning and executing social change

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l3level2lfo5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"CourierNew";mso-fareast-font-family:"CourierNew"; mso-bidi-font-family:"CourierNew""> o     Each major figure in space policy saw ways in which an accelerated space program could help them solve problems in their own shop or serve their own interests (323)

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l3level2lfo5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"CourierNew";mso-fareast-font-family:"CourierNew"; mso-bidi-font-family:"CourierNew""> o      Technological anticommunism   : doing good by doing well. Preaching freedom and democracy that was translated in terms of technology (344)

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l3level2lfo5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"CourierNew";mso-fareast-font-family:"CourierNew"; mso-bidi-font-family:"CourierNew""> o      “Benign Hypocrisy   ”:  choosing to approach space diplomacy as a open-altruistic-able way to spread brotherhood and prosperity to a world tempted by communism (360)

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.5in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l3level3lfo5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings"> §    Agreements w/ the Soviets in areas where the US had a safe dominance

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.5in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l3level3lfo5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings"> §    Advocacy for laissez-faire in areas where there was still a race

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.5in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l3level3lfo5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings"> §    “The American crusade on behalf of “space for the benefit of all mankind” cloaked diplomacy that was self-interested and perhaps necessarily so.” (359)

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.5in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l3level3lfo5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings"> §     Inconsistency=lay in treating the US space program, comsats in particular, as a glorious advertisement of American virtues…”the only customers for the unrealistic rhetoric, the only ones who may have believed in it, were the American people themselves”  (360)

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal; mso-list:l3level1lfo5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol"> ·         Von Braun: “The question of space superiority is just as important today as the concept of air superiority was ten years ago.” (336)

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal; mso-list:l3level1lfo5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol"> ·         ''' LBJ: '''

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l3level2lfo5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"CourierNew";mso-fareast-font-family:"CourierNew"; mso-bidi-font-family:"CourierNew""> o     The space program was a model of the role government should play in society, and the role technology should play in government=an expression as well of new and apparently limitless power (406)

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l3level2lfo5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"CourierNew";mso-fareast-font-family:"CourierNew"; mso-bidi-font-family:"CourierNew""> o     Those who value the social changes of the 60’s should be thankful for Sputnik…before it, we did not have such a focus on education for all or a public desire to alter the course of civil rights (407)

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal; mso-list:l3level1lfo5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol"> ·         “The Space Age would neither abolish nor magnify human conflict, but only extend politics-as-usual to a new realm… space technology might, through its institutional offspring, alter societies and economies, but it could never change its parents: the international system of states and the curious, aspiring human spirit .” (414)

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l3level2lfo5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"CourierNew";mso-fareast-font-family:"CourierNew"; mso-bidi-font-family:"CourierNew""> o     But does that mean we don’t try?

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l3level2lfo5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"CourierNew";mso-fareast-font-family:"CourierNew"; mso-bidi-font-family:"CourierNew""> o     So how do we learn from this lesson? Or is this simply the benefit of hindsight?

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal; mso-list:l3level1lfo5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol"> ·         What did the Space Race buy us?

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l3level2lfo5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"CourierNew";mso-fareast-font-family:"CourierNew"; mso-bidi-font-family:"CourierNew""> o     Government spending did not necessarily yield growth, it only padded GNP numbers (437)

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l3level2lfo5"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"CourierNew";mso-fareast-font-family:"CourierNew"; mso-bidi-font-family:"CourierNew""> o     Government R&D from Sputnik to the moon landing= $146 billion

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